Energy 145, 399–407. Crops Prod. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.024, Fattah, I. M. R., Masjuki, H. H., Kalam, M. A., Wakil, M. A., Ashraful, A. M., and Shahir, S. A. A continuous process for biodiesel production in a fixed bed reactor packed with cation-exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst. However, lipase used in whole-cell form cannot be reused at the end of the reaction. 64, 276–282. This has led to the development of the immobilized enzyme catalyzed process for biodiesel production which is characterized by certain environmental and economical advantages over the conventional chemical method. Biodiesel which is an alternate fuel, is produced from…, Low operation condition requirements (low temperature and low pressure) and faster reaction rate are the two most distinct advantages, and its operational cost is lower than acid and enzyme catalysed reaction[3]. J. Phys. The main disadvantages of this catalysis include elevated temperatures and higher oil/alcohol ratios than that of the homogeneous catalysis. However, it is essential to apply severe operating conditions to achieve ordinary reaction times, thereby increasing the energy requirement. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.07.017, Li, X., He, X.-Y., Li, Z.-L., Wang, Y.-D., Wang, C.-Y., Shi, H., et al. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. (2015). However, those are sensitive to FFA content of the oil that causes undesired by-products, namely, soaps and polymeric pigments, making the purification process difficult and impossible to reuse the catalysts. The development of reaction mechanism of the multiple step triglyceride, triglycerides and mono-glycerides and their reversal reaction is beyond the interest of chemical or mechanical engineers, whose main interests are to assess the … It is essential to develop later-generation biodiesel from unexploited non-food resources for a more sustainable future. A. Bioresour. Roschat et al. Ibrahim et al. Base catalysts have high activity in transesterification (Endalew et al., 2011). Homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis for transesterification of high free fatty acid oil (waste cooking oil) to biodiesel: a review. 5. 34, 1983–1988. However, depending on FFA and water content, a two-step reaction might be required where acid catalyzed alcoholysis, also known as esterification, precedes the transesterification process (Ashraful et al., 2014). Biodiesel production from castor oil in Egypt: process optimisation, kinetic study, diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions analysis. 39, 10–16. If the catalyst remains in the same phase (usually liquid) to the reactants during alcoholysis, then that is the homogeneous catalyst. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.017, Arumugam, A., and Ponnusami, V. (2014). Manage. The drawback of using extracellular enzymes as catalyst is the complexity of separation and purification procedures and its associated cost. Clean. Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha oil in a solvent free system. Boron group-based compounds, especially alumina (Al2O3), are widely utilized for supporting different metal oxides, halides, nitrates, and alloys (Chouhan and Sarma, 2011). doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.014, Silitonga, A. S., Shamsuddin, A. H., Mahlia, T. M. I., Milano, J., Kusumo, F., Siswantoro, J., et al. as catalysts. doi: 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)80114-1, Zhang, Y., Niu, S., Lu, C., Gong, Z., and Hu, X. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.073, Zabeti, M., Wan Daud, W. M. A., and Aroua, M. K. (2009). (2018) studied the catalytic activity of NaY zeolite-supported La2O3 catalysts in the production of castor oil biodiesel. The commercial immobilized lipases that has been studied thoroughly are Novozym 435, Lipozyme TL IM, Lipozyme RM IM, and Lipase PS-C (Gog et al., 2012). (2018) studied the catalytic activity of 1–5 wt.% La2O3 in ZrO2 mixed metal oxides produced using sol–gel method and calcined at 600°C in biodiesel production from canola oil through methanolysis reaction. Heteropoly acids (HPAs) and their salts as solid (heterogeneous) acid catalysts are also used frequently for the production of biodiesel (Hanif et al., 2017; Alcañiz-Monge et al., 2018). Fuel 255:115828. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115828, Yoo, S. J., Lee, H.-S., Veriansyah, B., Kim, J., Kim, J.-D., and Lee, Y.-W. (2010). Due to current interest in “green” alternatives to chemical catalysts, biocatalysts, i.e., enzymes, have drawn attention. 22, 346–360. 102, 2151–2161. Madhuvilakku and Piraman (2013) studied the catalytic activity of mixed oxides of Ti and Zn (TiO2-ZnO) and ZnO by employing these in palm oil transesterification process. (2019). 224, 194–203. Sirisomboonchai et al. Fuel Process. Calcium-enriched waste products, namely, shells of mussel, egg, cockle, snail, and oyster; fish scales; animal bones; and ash derived from plant species, etc. MM contributed the homogeneous catalyst section. J. Catal. Technol. Current trends and future directions for enzymatic biodiesel R&D. RSC Advanc. Renew. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4824-9, Maleki, E., Aroua, M. K., and Sulaiman, N. M. N. (2013). These can also be used as an acid heterogeneous catalyst. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.11.014, Arbab, M. I., Varman, M., Masjuki, H. H., Kalam, M. A., Imtenan, S., Sajjad, H., et al. Chem. 9, 199–210. The sol–gel method allows for improving catalytic activity by modifying acid–base properties. Technol. (2020). 53, 78–84. Enzymatic production of biodiesel using lipase catalyst and testing of an unmodified compression ignition engine using its blends with diesel.
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