'Now divine aire, now is his soule ravisht, is it not strange that sheepes guts should hale soules out of mens bodies?' Conversely, it could be an emblem of lust or lasciviousness: in the hands of an older man it symbolised scandal and degeneracy. This is also confirmed by another contemporary rough sketch made by the antiquarian collector of odd facts, Randle Holme, which shows the pairs of pegs for each succeeding bass course down the long theorbo extension. Classical literature was taken a little less seriously than before, so the lute's associations with the cithara and lira of ancient Rome counted for less. Besides all Bolonia Lutes are in the shape of a peare and those are the best Lutes but there goodness is not attributed to there figure but to there antiquity to the Skill of those Lutemakers to the quality of the woods and seasoning of it and to the varnishing of it. Often the paintings of 10 course lutes show a treble rider, a small extra pegholder on top of the normal pegbox side, designed to keep the top peg clear of the left hand and to give a less acute angle on the nut for the fragile top string. I am grateful to Davide Rebuffa for alerting me to the existence of this image which I then found in the British Library. In England, the early music pioneer Arnold Dolmetsch started to make and play lutes, while in Germany lutes (lute-guitar hybrids, really) were widely played by the Wandervogel hiking clubs, attracted by the instrument's associations with pre-industrial, pre-bourgeois past. It is interesting that Dowland should thus report the prevailing fashion in lutes as coming from France, for by his death in 1626 France was the dominant culture musically and was the centre for developments in different tunings, starting some time around 1620, which led to the 11 course lute. Unusually for a theorbo this had double strung courses in the bass which still further smoothed the transition across the range. This form usually had 12 courses and was apparently invented by Jaques (English) Gaultier c.1630 (see Spenser, 1976; Samson, 1977) but was not used much by the French who stayed largely loyal to their single-headed lutes. More widely adopted was a double headed lute with curved pegboxes, one set backwards at an angle rather like the normal lute, the other extended in the same plane as the fingerboard. The modern day flute is derived from the Pan Flute and the Tin Whistle, both of which became popular in Europe between the12th and14th centuries. From c.1595 to c.1630 various other types of extended pegboxes were tried for the bass strings. There are so few surviving lutes with any claim to have been made in France that it is not possible to be sure what their makers were doing by way of new lutes at a time when lute playing was so important to French musical life. Modern Guitar Arrangement: French tablature differs from the Spanish and Italian systems in that it uses letters instead of numbers to indicate which fret to play and that the highest line of tablature represents the highest pitched course of the instrument. From ancient times it has symbolised youth and love. Others may have been brought to Europe from Arabic lands. . Many amateur musicians now favoured the five-course 'baroque' guitar, which was far easier to play than the lute, being mainly used for strumming lively Spanish dances. Though, sadly, the upper pegbox has been broken, enough remains to confirm the type. None of these actual instruments has survived and this painting below is one of the few to show this English form of the theorbo in action. The lute witnessed not one but a succession of Golden Ages of composition. Andreas Berr, 1702 Lowe (1988) has suggested that the eleventh course may at first have been only an octave string. The left hand side shows the double-headed 12 course lute while the right hand side shows the English theorbo which I discuss next.. . By the end of the seventeenth century though, the days of the lute were clearly numbered. The lute is a kind of musical instrument with strings. The lute was played in Europe for over 500 years and, for some of that time, was the most important musical instrument in European culture. "The lute was originally an Arabic instrument. Three well-known players, Paul O'Dette, Jacob Lindberg, and Nigel North have recently recorded the complete works of John Dowland, and there have been half a dozen recent releases of the music of Sylvius Leopold Weiss. It was dedicated to Louis XIV. This makes for a dilemma when trying to use these large archlutes in a modern performance of its Roman repertoire, The reduction of the neck length in the Harz and the German style extension probably represent the best of this same dilemma appearing in the 18th century. Though now in a form converted to an angelique by the addition of extra pegs in the already long pegbox opening, it is substantially the small French theorbo and fits Talbots measurements remarkably closely. The lute really came into its own in the late fifteenth century when it was realised that it could be played with fingertips instead of a quill. The later surviving 11 course lutes mostly appear to be conversions from 10 course lutes, all done in the same way, by making the second course single and adding a treble rider for the top string or chanterelle on the top of the normal pegbox treble side.
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